Understanding Breast Development and Lactation
The process of breast development does not involve milk secretion. The reason lies in the production of prolactin, a hormone generated by the pituitary gland located in the brain. This gland, about the size of a kidney bean, produces prolactin; however, its secretion is regulated by inhibiting factors released by the hypothalamus. Therefore, lactation is exclusive to mothers as a special function of child-rearing. Generally, women, especially during puberty, do not exhibit lactation capabilities.
Identifying Abnormal Lactation
Prolactin production in women can lead to abnormal lactation, known as galactorrhea. There are two main contributors to this condition. The first is the presence of a prolactin-secreting tumor in the pituitary gland. The second cause occurs when there is no tumor, yet the cells in the pituitary gland are stimulated by promoting factors from the hypothalamus, resulting in excessive production of prolactin, a condition termed hyperprolactinemia.
Symptoms of Hyperprolactinemia
Patients with hyperprolactinemia frequently experience not only galactorrhea but also various menstrual irregularities. In severe cases, symptoms may escalate to amenorrhea, hair loss, weight gain, headaches, visual disturbances, and atrophy of external genitalia. This spectrum of conditions primarily characterized by galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility is often referred to as "galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome." Regardless of the severity of symptoms, the underlying issue is consistently linked to excessive prolactin production.
Causes of Hyperprolactinemia
The reasons leading to hyperprolactinemia can be classified into several categories, including:
- Hypothalamic disorders
- Pituitary disorders
- Primary hypothyroidism
- Medication effects
- Neurological stimuli
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
To confirm the diagnosis, medical professionals typically utilize imaging techniques, such as cranial CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), alongside blood serum prolactin level assessments. If a tumor is detected, treatments like gamma knife therapy may be employed, which allows for non-invasive treatment without the need for open surgery. In cases of elevated prolactin levels without tumors, symptomatic medications may be prescribed, but this must be conducted under strict medical supervision.
Self-Examination of the Breasts
Before the ovaries secrete progesterone, the development of lobules is minimal. However, during sexual maturation, especially during pregnancy, the combined and repeated action of progesterone and estrogen stimulates full development of the lobules. Adequate hormonal stimulation and a proper ratio of estrogen and progesterone are essential for lobule development. Otherwise, the epithelial cells of the terminal duct may undergo abnormal changes, such as cystic hyperplasia.
It is crucial for women to be aware of their breast health, starting with understanding the natural development process and recognizing signs of abnormalities. Regular self-examinations can help in early detection and management of potential issues.