Understanding Uterine Fibroids: Causes, Symptoms, and Impact on Fertility
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They primarily originate in the uterine wall, with about 60% to 70% of fibroids identified as intramural fibroids, which grow within the muscular wall of the uterus. Meanwhile, subserosal fibroids account for approximately 20%, and submucosal fibroids represent around 10%. It is important to note that these fibroids are often multiple, meaning that patients may have two or three fibroids simultaneously.
Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids
Many uterine fibroids are asymptomatic and are usually discovered during routine pelvic examinations. However, the symptoms that do occur are often closely related to the location of the fibroids. For example, submucosal fibroids can cause irregular vaginal bleeding early on, whereas subserosal fibroids may grow large without causing any symptoms at all. Common symptoms associated with uterine fibroids include:
- Irregular vaginal bleeding
- Abdominal masses
- Frequent urination, urinary retention, or constipation
- Pain during menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
Although uterine fibroids typically do not cause pain, complications can arise. For instance, if a subserosal fibroid twists, it may lead to acute abdominal pain. Similarly, a submucosal fibroid can cause contractions and resulting cramping, while red degeneration, a condition that occurs when a fibroid outgrows its blood supply, can cause severe pain. Additionally, fibroids can lead to increased white discharge, and if an infection occurs, a purulent discharge may be present. In cases of heavy bleeding, patients may also experience secondary anemia, which can manifest as dizziness, fatigue, and palpitations.
The Impact of Uterine Fibroids on Fertility
Approximately 25% to 35% of women with uterine fibroids may experience infertility. This can occur for several reasons, including:
- Obstruction of the implantation of the fertilized egg due to the fibroids' location
- Alteration of the uterine cavity, which can block the entrance of the fallopian tubes, hindering sperm from reaching the eggs
Fibroids situated near the serosal layer may have minimal effects on pregnancy. However, in some cases, the presence of uterine fibroids may correlate with ovarian dysfunction, which can also contribute to infertility issues.
Conclusion
Uterine fibroids are prevalent among women, and understanding their nature, symptoms, and implications on fertility is crucial. If you suspect you may have fibroids or are experiencing related symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options.